Void type
The void type, in several programming languages derived from C and Algol68, is the return type of a function that returns normally, but does not provide a result value to its caller. Usually such functions are called for their side effects, such as performing some task or writing to their output parameters. The usage of the void type in such context is comparable to procedures in Pascal and syntactic constructs which define subroutines in Visual Basic. It is also similar to the unit type used in functional programming languages and type theory. See Unit type#In programming languages for a comparison.
C and C++ also support the pointer to void type (specified as void *), but this is an unrelated notion. Variables of this type are pointers to data of an unspecified type, so in this context (but not the others) void * acts roughly like a universal or top type. A program can convert a pointer to any type of data (except a function pointer) to a pointer to void and back to the original type without losing information, which makes these pointers useful for polymorphic functions. The C language standard does not guarantee that the different pointer types have the same size or alignment.
In C and C++
[edit]A function with void result type ends either by reaching the end of the function or by executing a return statement with no returned value. The void type may also replace the argument list of a function prototype to indicate that the function takes no arguments. Note that in all of these situations, void is not a type qualifier on any value. Despite the name, this is semantically similar to an implicit unit type, not a zero or bottom type (which is sometimes confusingly called the "void type"). Unlike a real unit type which is a singleton, the void type lacks a way to represent its value and the language does not provide any way to declare an object or represent a value with type void.
In the earliest versions of C, functions with no specific result defaulted to a return type of int and functions with no arguments simply had empty argument lists. Pointers to untyped data were declared as integers or pointers to char. Some early C compilers had the feature, now seen as an annoyance, of generating a warning on any function call that did not use the function's returned value. Old code sometimes casts such function calls to void to suppress this warning. By the time Bjarne Stroustrup began his work on C++ in 1979–1980,[citation needed] void and void pointers were part of the C language dialect supported by AT&T-derived compilers.[1]
The explicit use of void vs. giving no arguments in a function prototype has different semantics in C and C++, as detailed in the following table:[2]
| C | C++ equivalent |
|---|---|
void f(void);
|
void f(); (preferred)void f(void);
|
void f(); (accepts a constant but unknown number of arguments)
|
template <typename... Ts> void f(Ts... ts) {}
(not strictly equivalent) |
The C syntax to declare a (non-variadic) function with an as-yet-unspecified number of parameters, e.g. void f() above, was deprecated in C99.[3] In C23 (and C++), a function prototype with empty parentheses declares a function with zero parameters.[4][5]
In Haskell
[edit]Quite contrary to C++, in the functional programming language Haskell the void type denotes the empty type, which has no inhabitants [1]. A function into the void type does not return results, and a side-effectful program with type signature IO Void does not terminate, or crashes. In particular, there are no total functions into the void type.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993). "The Development of the C Language". Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. via the author and Lucent Technologies Inc. 1996. Archived from the original on 1998-02-20.
- ^ Stroustrup, Bjarne (2009). Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++. Boston: Addison-Wesley. p. 996. ISBN 978-0-321-54372-1.
- ^ Bjarne Stroustrup, C and C++: Case Studies in Compatibility. Reconcilable differences? You decide, Dr. Dobb's, September 01, 2002; print version
- ^ "WG14-N2432 : Remove support for function definitions with identifier lists proposal" (PDF). open-std.org. September 25, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2022.
- ^ "WG14-N2841 : No function declarators without prototypes". open-std.org. 2021-10-10. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022.